Contents

The 30x30 target is a global conservation ambition to conserve or protect at least 30 percent of land and sea areas by 2030.

Access and benefit sharing refers to arrangements for accessing genetic resources or associated knowledge and sharing benefits arising from their use.

A land-management system in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops or livestock so the components interact ecologically and economically over space or time.

An air quality index is a public communication scale that translates measured air pollution levels into categories of health or exposure concern.

An algal bloom is a rapid increase in algae in a water body, often linked to nutrient enrichment and sometimes associated with reduced water quality or harmful toxins.

The Alliance for Water Stewardship is a standard-setting and membership organisation focused on responsible water use and catchment-level water stewardship.

Aquifer depletion is the reduction of groundwater stored in an aquifer when extraction exceeds recharge over time.

Basis risk is the risk that a hedge and the underlying physical exposure do not move in the same way.

Best available techniques are the most effective and advanced practicable methods for preventing or reducing emissions and environmental impacts in a regulated context.

Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxygen microorganisms need to break down organic matter in water.

The variability of life within species, between species and across ecosystems, together with the relationships that allow living systems to function.

A biodiversity footprint is an estimate of the pressures or impacts that an organisation, product, activity or consumption pattern places on biodiversity.

Biodiversity net gain is a planning or project approach that aims to leave biodiversity measurably better than before, within a defined method and boundary.

A biodiversity offset is a measurable conservation action intended to compensate for residual biodiversity impacts after avoidance, minimisation and restoration steps.

Blue water is freshwater in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and aquifers that can be withdrawn or used directly.

The C price is the ICE Arabica coffee futures benchmark price used as a reference in parts of the coffee trade.

Cash price is the current price for immediate or near-term physical sale of a commodity.

A catchment is the land area from which rainfall and surface water drain into a common river, lake, aquifer or other water body.

Chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxygen equivalent needed to chemically oxidise organic and inorganic matter in water.

Coffee cherry is the fruit of the coffee plant that contains the coffee seeds later processed into green coffee beans.

Climate-smart agriculture is an approach to farming that seeks to improve productivity, resilience and emissions outcomes in a changing climate.

Cocoa bean equivalent is a conversion measure that expresses cocoa products in terms of the amount of raw cocoa beans needed to produce them.

A cooperative union is a higher-level organisation formed by multiple cooperatives to provide shared services, market access or representation.

Cost of production is the total cost required to produce a product or commodity within a defined boundary.

Cost, insurance and freight is a trade term under which the seller covers cost, insurance and freight to a named destination port.

A coyote is an informal or local intermediary who buys agricultural products from producers and resells them into a wider supply chain.

Crop diversification is the practice of producing a wider mix of crops to reduce dependence on a single product and improve farm resilience.

Cultural services are non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including recreation, identity, spiritual value, education and aesthetic experience.

A cupping score is a sensory quality score assigned to coffee through a structured tasting protocol.

Defect count is the number or severity of defects identified in a coffee sample under a grading method.

Deforestation refers to the loss or conversion of forest, but the practical meaning depends on forest definition, cut-off date and legal context.

A decline in forest structure, composition or ecological capacity that leaves land classified as forest but reduces what the forest can sustain or provide.

A differential is a price adjustment above or below a benchmark commodity price reflecting quality, origin, logistics, timing or commercial terms.

Diffuse pollution is pollution that comes from many scattered or hard-to-trace sources rather than a single discharge point.

Digital sequence information is a policy term for genetic sequence data in digital form, especially in debates about access and benefit sharing.

Drivers of biodiversity loss are the direct or indirect causes of decline in species, habitats, ecosystems or genetic diversity.

A dry mill is a coffee processing facility where dried coffee is hulled, sorted, graded and prepared for export or roasting.

An ecological corridor is a connected area or route that allows species, genes, ecological processes or habitats to move or function across a landscape or seascape.

Ecosystem collapse is a severe transformation in which an ecosystem loses defining features, functions or species composition.

The contributions of ecosystems to benefits that people use and value, including material, regulating and non-material benefits.

Effluent is liquid waste or wastewater discharged from a facility, process, treatment system or site.

An emission limit value is a legally or technically specified maximum amount, concentration or rate of a pollutant that may be emitted.

An endemic species is a species naturally found only in a particular geographic area or ecological setting.

Eutrophication is the enrichment of water bodies with nutrients that can trigger excessive plant or algal growth and reduce water quality.

Ex-works is a trade term under which the seller makes goods available at its premises and the buyer bears most transport and export responsibilities.

A farmer field school is a participatory training approach where farmers learn through practical field observation, experimentation and peer exchange.

Farmgate price is the price received by a farmer at the point of sale from the farm, before later trading, processing or export costs.

FOB price is the price of goods delivered free on board at the named port or shipment point, excluding later freight and insurance costs.

Food security is the condition in which people have reliable physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food.

Free on board is a trade term assigning responsibility and cost up to the point goods are loaded on board a vessel at the named port.

A futures contract is a standardised agreement traded on an exchange to buy or sell an asset or commodity at a future date and price.

Green coffee is unroasted coffee beans prepared for export, trading or roasting.

Green water is rainwater stored in soil and used by plants through evapotranspiration.

Grey water is a water-footprint concept representing the volume of freshwater needed to dilute pollutants to meet defined water-quality standards.

Habitat fragmentation is the breaking up of continuous habitat into smaller or more isolated patches, often reducing ecological connectivity and species movement.

Habitat restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of a degraded, damaged or destroyed habitat toward a healthier ecological condition.

Hazardous waste is waste with properties that can pose risks to human health or the environment, such as toxicity, flammability, corrosivity or reactivity.

Heavy metals are metallic elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium or arsenic that can be toxic or persistent at certain concentrations or exposures.

Hedging is the use of financial or commercial arrangements to reduce exposure to price, currency or other market risk.

High carbon stock describes forests or land areas with significant carbon storage value, often used in land-use and deforestation-risk assessment.

High conservation value describes biological, ecological, social or cultural values considered outstandingly significant or critically important within a landscape or site.

The honey process is a coffee processing method in which some mucilage remains on the bean during drying.

Income gap is the difference between actual income and a target or benchmark income level, such as a living income benchmark.

Incoterms are standard trade terms defining responsibilities for delivery, costs, risk transfer and documentation in international commerce.

An input subsidy is financial or in-kind support that lowers the cost of farm inputs such as seed, fertiliser, tools or crop protection products.

Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops in the same field or production area during overlapping growing periods.

An invasive alien species is a non-native species that spreads and causes, or is likely to cause, harm to ecosystems, species, economies or human wellbeing.

The IUCN Red List is a global system for assessing and communicating the extinction risk status of species.

A jurisdictional approach is a sustainability strategy applied across a defined political or administrative area rather than only at farm, site or supply-chain level.

A key biodiversity area is a site identified as contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity.

A keystone species is a species whose ecological role has a disproportionately large effect on the structure or function of an ecosystem.

A way of managing competing environmental, social and economic objectives across a shared place through negotiated, adaptive action among the people who affect and depend on it.

LEAP is the TNFD approach for locating interfaces with nature, evaluating dependencies and impacts, assessing risks and opportunities, and preparing a response.

Legacy pollution is pollution that remains from past activities, practices or incidents and continues to create present or future risk.

Light pollution is excessive, misdirected or intrusive artificial light that can affect ecosystems, human wellbeing or night-sky visibility.

A living income benchmark is an estimate of the income a household needs for a decent standard of living in a specific place.

A living income reference price is an estimated price intended to support a viable income for producers under stated productivity, cost and household assumptions.

A location-specific environmental impact is an effect whose significance depends materially on the ecological and social conditions of the place where it occurs.

Marine resources are living and non-living resources, ecosystem services and ecological functions associated with oceans and coastal environments.

Mean species abundance is a biodiversity indicator comparing the average abundance of original species in an ecosystem with an undisturbed reference condition.

The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement under the biodiversity convention addressing access to genetic resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing.

The stock of renewable and non-renewable natural resources whose condition and interactions generate flows of benefits to people and economies.

The natural process is a coffee processing method in which coffee cherries are dried with the fruit still surrounding the bean.

Nature positive is a directional claim or ambition that human activity should contribute to the recovery of nature rather than continuing net decline.

Nature-related dependencies are the ways an organisation, activity or value chain relies on ecosystem services, natural resources or ecological conditions.

Net gain is an outcome in which biodiversity or natural capital is improved beyond a defined baseline after accounting for losses and gains.

No net loss is an objective that biodiversity losses from an activity are balanced by equivalent gains so that overall loss is avoided within a defined boundary.

Noise pollution is unwanted or harmful sound that can affect human health, wellbeing, wildlife or community amenity.

Non-hazardous waste is waste not classified as hazardous under the relevant rules, while still requiring appropriate handling, treatment or disposal.

NOx refers to nitrogen oxides, air pollutants produced by combustion and other processes that contribute to smog, acidification and respiratory impacts.

Nutrient runoff is the movement of nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus from land into water bodies, often contributing to water-quality problems.

Old-growth forest is forest with long ecological continuity, mature structure and features associated with relatively undisturbed development over time.

An origin premium is an additional price paid because a product comes from a particular geography, producer group or recognised sourcing context.

Other effective area-based conservation measures are geographically defined areas outside protected areas that deliver sustained biodiversity conservation outcomes.

Parchment is coffee that has been processed and dried with the protective parchment layer still surrounding the bean.

Particulate matter is airborne particles or droplets, commonly measured as PM2.5 or PM10 according to particle size.

Persistent organic pollutants are toxic chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate and can travel long distances.

PFAS are a large group of synthetic fluorinated chemicals known for persistence in the environment and concern about potential health and ecological effects.

Physical trade is the buying, selling and delivery of actual commodities or goods rather than only financial contracts.

A scientific framework identifying limits to human pressure on nine Earth-system processes within which the risk of destabilising the planet remains comparatively lower.

Point source pollution is pollution released from a clearly identifiable source such as a pipe, outlet, facility or discharge point.

Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance, diversity or health of organisms that transfer pollen and support plant reproduction.

The polluter pays principle is the idea that the party responsible for pollution should bear the costs of preventing, controlling or remedying it.

Post-harvest loss is the reduction in quantity, quality or economic value of a crop after harvest and before final consumption or use.

A poverty line is an income or consumption threshold used to identify poverty within a defined geography or method.

The precautionary principle is an approach that supports protective action where there is risk of serious or irreversible harm despite scientific uncertainty.

Pressure-state-response is a framework that links human pressures, environmental condition and societal or management responses.

Price volatility is the degree and speed of price movement over time.

Primary forest is naturally regenerated forest composed of native species with no clearly visible indications of human activity and undisturbed ecological processes.

A productivity intervention is an action intended to increase output, efficiency or quality from a farm, supplier or production system.

A protected area is a clearly defined geographic space managed to achieve long-term conservation of nature and associated ecosystem or cultural values.

Provisioning services are ecosystem services that provide material outputs such as food, water, timber, fibre or genetic resources.

Q grading is a coffee quality assessment system carried out by trained graders using standardised cupping and defect evaluation methods.

Regenerative agriculture describes farming approaches intended to improve ecological and social conditions, but definitions vary widely.

Regulating services are ecosystem services that regulate environmental conditions, such as climate, water flow, pollination, erosion or disease dynamics.

Rehabilitation and renovation describe farm or plantation actions that restore productivity by improving existing plants, replacing old stock or renewing production systems.

Site remediation is the assessment, removal, containment or treatment of contamination at a specific location.

Rewilding is an approach to ecological restoration that aims to restore natural processes, species interactions and ecosystem self-regulation over time.

The Robusta London contract is a futures contract used as a price reference for robusta coffee.

The Science Based Targets Network develops methods for companies and cities to set science-based targets for nature across freshwater, land, biodiversity and ocean systems.